Litchi fruit

 

  Litchi fruit is having excellent quality

  It is a rich source of Vitamin C along with B complex vitamin. About 100 g of fresh lychee (roughly a small handful) provides around 70 mg of vitamin C, supporting immune function and collagen formation

 Minerals and plant compounds: It contains potassium and polyphenols (antioxidants such as epicatechin).

The Geographical Indication (GI) status has strengthened the identity and market recognition of Tezpur Litchi, enhancing its appeal among international buyers and creating new opportunities for premium agricultural exports from Assam.

As a traditional Chinese medicine, litchi has been used for centuries to treat stomach ulcers, diabetes, cough, diarrhea, and dyspepsia, as well as to kill intestinal worms.

Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that whole litchi fruits exhibit antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and antiobesity activities and show anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, hypotensive, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities.

 The health benefits of litchi have been attributed to its wide range of nutritional components, among which polysaccharides and polyphenols have been proven to possess various beneficial properties. 

The diversity and composition of litchi polysaccharides and polyphenols have vital influences on their biological activities

Caution:

Unripe lychee contains the chemicals Hypoglycin A, which causes severe vomiting, and methylene cyclopropyl-glycine (MCPG) which causes a sharp drop in sugar levels in blood

Hypoglycin A is an amino acid that is naturally found in the unripened lychee, while methylene cyclopropyl-glycine MCPG is a poisonous compound present in the seeds of lychee.

Malabar Tamarind (Garcinia Cambogia )

 

Garcinia cambogia is an expensive spice used for dried sun rind, in particular for fish curries, often used for flavors.

The plant is widely used by tribal people as a meal or dietary supplement, as well as in the treatment of different diseases such as stomach issues, skin diseases, and weight reduction treatments. 

The peel of the fruit contains high amounts of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which is the active ingredient believed to be responsible for most of its weight loss benefits.

Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA), appears to block an enzyme called citrate lyase, which your body uses to make fat.

Note:- The majority of research agrees that taking Garcinia cambogia in the recommended quantities, which is up to 2,800 mg of HCA per day, is safe for healthy persons

 What Garcinia cambogia fruit  contains ? 

 The rind contains:

1) protein (1%), 

2)tannins (1.7%), 

3)total sugar (4.1%), 

4)pectins (0.9%) and 

5)fat (1.4%), 

6)moisture (80.0 g/100 g), 

All of the above have  shown to have important therapeutic properties

It was reported that Garcinia leaves contained 75% moisture, 2.3% protein, 0.5% fat, 1.24% fire, 17.2% carbohydrate, 14% iron, 25% calcium and 10% ascorbic acid, and 10% oxalic acid. 

The seeds are very rich in triglycerides stearic, oleic and stearic. 

The plant also has lactone and citric hydroxycitric acid but in small amounts

Aromatherapy : Essential oils

 

Aromatherapy is one of the most familiar uses. 

When inhaled, aroma molecules stimulate the olfactory system, which is closely linked to the parts of the brain that control emotions and memory. This is why certain scents can quickly calm the mind or lift the mood. Lavender oil is widely used to reduce stress, improve sleep and ease anxiety.

Essential oils are also commonly used in skincare:-

Tea tree and lavender oils are popular in skincare for their antibacterial and soothing properties and are often used to manage acne, minor wounds and skin irritation. When applied carefully and in diluted form, these oils can complement conventional treatments

What is Essential Oil?

Ans: 

Essential oils — highly concentrated aromatic extracts from plants, are no longer niche luxury products found only in spas or perfumes.

 They are increasingly used in food preservation, natural cosmetics, herbal medicines, bio-pesticides and eco-friendly household cleaners. This renewed interest is driven by a global shift towards cleaner labels, sustainable production and traceable supply chains.

Which are Aromatic crops ?

Ans: 

Aromatic crops such as lemongrass, mint, citronella, eucalyptus and vetiver.

Essential oils are natural, aromatic substances produced by plants and stored in different parts such as leaves, flowers, bark, roots and seeds. They are called “essential” because they capture the plant’s distinctive fragrance along with many of its beneficial properties. 

Leaves are among the most common sources of essential oils. Oils extracted from leaves often help plants defend themselves against insects and diseases:-

i)Eucalyptus oil, obtained from eucalyptus leaves, is widely used to relieve cold and breathing discomfort. 

ii)Peppermint oil from mint leaves is known for its cooling effect and is commonly found in balms, teas and digestive remedies

Flowers produce oils mainly to attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies. As a result, flower oils are often light, sweet-smelling and soothing:-

i) Jasmine oil is prized for its rich aroma and calming effect, while chamomile oil is commonly used to ease skin irritation, inflammation and stress.

Bark and wood contain oils that protect plants from pests and infections:- i)Cinnamon oil, extracted from tree bark, has a warm, spicy scent and is widely used for its antimicrobial properties. 

ii)Sandalwood oil, obtained from the heartwood of sandalwood trees, has a long history of use in perfumes, religious practices and skin care.

Roots and underground parts store strong-smelling compounds that can be highly potent. 

i)Ginger oil, derived from ginger rhizomes, is commonly used to support digestion and reduce inflammation. 

ii)Vetiver oil, obtained from grass roots, has an earthy fragrance and is widely used in aromatherapy for relaxation and mental balance.

Seeds are a less common source of essential oils, but they can produce powerful aromas:- 

Anise oil, extracted from anise seeds, has a sweet, liquorice-like smell and is traditionally used to aid digestion.

Essential oils reflect how plants interact with their environment, such as defending themselves, attracting pollinators and surviving stress, while offering humans natural solutions for everyday use.

 Many essential oils are known for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting properties.

For topical application, essential oils should always be diluted with a carrier oil such as coconut, jojoba or almond oil.

Precaution: -

Applying undiluted oils can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. A simple patch test on a small area of skin can help check for sensitivity. Ingesting essential oils is generally not recommended unless done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional. Many oils can be toxic if swallowed improperly or cause serious health problems. Some oils that are safe for humans can be harmful to animals and exposure through inhalation or skin contact may lead to adverse effects. When used responsibly and in appropriate amounts, essential oils can be both safe and beneficial.

Cocculus hirsutus (Doosarabali )

 Cocculus hirsutus  (Doosarabali ) 

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, commonly known as Inkberry or Jal Jamni, is a fast-growing, perennial climber belonging to the family Menispermaceae. Widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, this plant holds significant ethnomedicinal importance in traditional systems such as Ayurveda and folk medicine. Various parts of the plant-including leaves, stems, and roots-are used for treating fever, skin infections, diabetes, liver disorders, inflammation, and reproductive ailments. Botanically, the plant is characterized by hairy stems and ovate-cordate leaves with dense trichomes. Its diagnostic features, such as unisexual flowers and curved reniform seeds, assist in its correct identification. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds These metabolites exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. This review comprehensively covers the plant’s taxonomy, morphology, traditional uses, phytochemical profile, and pharmacological properties, supported by recent scientific findings.

Cocculus hirsutus has been used in Indian traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, as well as by tribal communities. 

• Whole Plant: Traditionally used as a febrifuge, blood purifier, and general tonic 

. In tribal areas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the plant decoction is consumed to reduce body heat and treat typhoid 

 . • Leaves: Crushed leaves are applied to wounds, ulcers, and skin infections. The juice is used in eye ailments  . In folk medicine, a poultice of leaves is used to treat eczema and ringworm  . • 

Roots: Decoctions are given orally for venereal diseases (e.g., syphilis), and urinary tract infections 

Wound Healing Activity Topical application of C. hirsutus paste and extract has demonstrated accelerated wound contraction, epithelialization, and collagen synthesis in excision and incision models

Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) (Bassia longifoliai))

 

Mahua : -

The two major species of genus Madhuca found in India are Madhuca Indica (syn. Bassia latifoliai) and Madhuca longifolia (syn. Bassia longifoliai)

Mahua flowers are renowned for being extremely helpful in the treatment and prevention of numerous ailments. 

The blooms of Mahua are said to have cooling, aphrodisiac, galactagogues, and carminative properties in the Ayurvedic medical system of India. 

Additionally, they are said to be helpful for ear problems, burning sensations, and cardiac conditions. 

People with piles consume the blossoms that have been cooked in clarified butter

People with chronic bronchitis are traditionally given a glass of milk and distilled mahua flower juice to relieve their symptoms.

 An inflammation of the airways, particularly the bronchial tubes, which are in charge of delivering air to your lungs, is known as bronchitis. Due to increased mucus production, it appears as coughing, which is followed by wheezing and shortness of breath. 

The expectorant properties of Madhuca longifolia flowers help to thin mucus discharges. They also aid in boosting mucus secretion, making it simpler for the body to expel the mucus.

 Additionally, being an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant herb, it helps lessen the intensity of the inflammation, facilitating a speedy recovery.

Stomach Ulcers: 

An open sore that develops in the inner lining of the stomach or intestines is referred to as a stomach ulcer or gastric ulcer. They are brought on by an overproduction of gastric fluids, which disturbs the mucous membrane of the stomach. This mucus coating is supposed to shield the stomach from the digestive fluids that are present there. 

Mahua is said to be particularly efficient in reducing the agonizing sensations of peptic ulcers due to its strong anti-ulcer characteristics. It lessens the discomfort produced by stomach acid by inhibiting the secretion of histamine, a substance that regulates acid production in the stomach, enabling the ulcer to heal. 

Mahua also has a demulcent activity, which means it creates a barrier across the stomach's mucous membrane to shield it from the damaging effects of too much acid.

SKIN DISEASES: 

Mahua flower juice has historically been used to treat a variety of skin issues. The oleating qualities of this juice make it very useful against itching. 

Mahua leaves can help relieve symptoms of eczema when they are wrapped over the afflicted area and cooked over a fire with sesame oil.

 Because mahua contains saponins and flavonoids, animal tests show that it has strong anti-inflammatory properties. These substances are crucial for the healing and repair of wounds. 

Madhuca longifolia has also shown analgesic effect in experimental tests using alcoholic extracts, which can be utilized to relieve pain from burns and wounds.

Mahua is said to be very helpful for preventing gum disease and curing tonsillitis. In the past, people used a liquid extract made from the mahua tree's bark combined with 300 mL of water as a gargle to treat bleeding and spongy gums. 

The symptoms of inflammatory disorders like acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis are also treated with the same medication. 

According to laboratory investigations, this is because the bark of the Madhuca longifolia plant has antibacterial capabilities, which it partly owes to the presence of active substances called triterpenoid saponins.

Metabolic disorders : - 

A collection of metabolic disorders known as diabetes indicate the presence of hyperglycemia (increased glucose). The functioning of the body's major organs is impacted if neglected.

 Despite the availability of a broad variety of medications to treat diabetic symptoms, modern medicine is still unable to fully avoid the problems associated with this condition. 

Significant anti-diabetic action in animal models has been suggested by experimental research employing extracts of the bark of the mahua tree. Although the precise process is unknown, it is clear that these extracts work in a dose-dependent manner to lower the body's circulating levels of glucose. 

Another piece of research points to the effectiveness of mahua extracts in lowering cholesterol levels, which otherwise result in low insulin and high blood sugar. Finally, mahua has been shown to enhance renal function in diabetic animal models, suggesting that it may be used to stop diabetes-related nephropathy.

For  oleation in skin conditions, floral juice is massaged. In disorders of the head caused by pitta, such as sinusitis, it is also helpful as nasal drops. The flower decoction is an effective treatment for pitta disorders. The flower powder blends well with ghee and honey as a general tonic. 

Mahua is used for colitis and diarrhea because of its astringent properties. Fresh flower juice is used to great effect in raktapitta to stop bleeding

Fruits : 

According to reports, the fruits of Madhuca longifolia contain a variety of triterpenoids, including acetates of amyrins α and β, erythrodiol's 3β -monocaprylic ester, 3β -capryloxyoleanolic acid, and an acetate. N-hexacosanol, the β-glucoside of β-sitosterol, and free -sitosterol are the other ingredients that were identified and characterized. The nutshell includes quercetin, hydroquercetin, and β-glucoside of β-sitosterol

Flowers: 

Mahua flowers have a large level of vitamin C, which is what gives them their antioxidant properties

 The carotene found in mahua flowers serves as a precursor to vitamin A. Minerals like calcium and phosphorus are also present in flowers in good quantities. Mahua flowers also contain small quantities of lipids and proteins. Many studies have been conducted to determine the therapeutic benefits of mahua flowers, including their anthelminthic, antibacterial, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer characteristics

Vitamins A and C are the two main vitamins found in flowers. 

Mahua flowers contains good amount of Vitamin-C which is responsible for its antioxidant activity. Mahua flower contains carotene which is precursor of Vitamin-A. Flowers also contain good amount of minerals like Calcium and Phosphorus. Few amounts of proteins and fats are also present in mahua flowers.

Mahua flowers are used to cure Bronchitis, Rhematism, Diabetes, Piles, Eczema, Gums, Burns etc., and flower juice is used in the treatment of various disease and ailments.

Minerals like calcium and phosphorus are also present in flowers in good quantities. Mahua flowers also contain small quantities of lipids and proteins. Many studies have been conducted to determine the therapeutic benefits of mahua flowers, including their anthelminthic, antibacterial, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer characteristics 

Bark: 

Bark contains a lot of phytoconstituents, which may be the cause of a variety of activities. It is made up of sesquiterpene alcohol, erythrodiol monocaprylate betulinic acid, erythrodiol monospinasterol, and oleanic acids. 

Fruits: 

Fruits contain 55 to 65 percent husk, 10 to 15 percent sugar, 1.8 to 2.4 percent minerals, 51 to 74 mg vitamin C and 586 to 890 IU vitamin A per 100 gram. Because of these above mentioned qualities of fruits these are eaten afresh after ripening in tribal areas and poor of rural areas. 

Chemically, the fruits of Madhuca contain amyrin acetates, dihydroquecertin, -sitosterol, and quercetin. 

The main amino acids found in M. longifolia seeds are glycine, alanine, cysteine, leucine, and isoleucine. Arachidic, oleic, linoleic, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids are also present

Seeds:-

The Mahua  Seed is large, 3-4 cm long, elliptical, flattened on one side

The main amino acids found in M. longifolia seeds are glycine, alanine, cysteine, leucine, and isoleucine . Arachidic, oleic, linoleic, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids are also present. 

Also present in seeds are quercetin and the misaponins A and B. Sitosterol, quercetin, 3-O-Lrhamnoside, stigmasterol, n-hexacosanol, carotene, myricitin, erythrodiol, -D-glucoside, ß-sitosterol, 3-O-arabinoside, and xanthophylls are just a few of the bioactive components that have been isolated and identified in Madhuca leaves.

 Leaves: 

The  Mahua tree leaves are applied as a poultice to relieve eczema.  

An alkaloid glucoside called saponin is found in the leaves of the Mahua tree.

Madhuca longifolia leaves are expectorant and also used for chronic bronchitis and Cushing’s disease

 Sitosterol, quercetin, 3-O-Lrhamnoside, stigmasterol, n-hexacosanol, carotene, myricitin, erythrodiol, -D-glucoside, ß-sitosterol, 3-O-arabinoside, and xanthophylls are just a few of the bioactive components that have been isolated and identified in Madhuca leaves.

Bark: 

Bark contains a lot of phytoconstituents, which may be the cause of a variety of activities. It is made up of sesquiterpene alcohol, erythrodiol monocaprylate betulinic acid, erythrodiol monospinasterol, and oleanic acids

 Mahua for skin:-

Mahua flower juice has historically been used to treat a variety of skin issues. The oleating qualities of this juice make it very useful against itching. Mahua leaves can help relieve symptoms of eczema when they are wrapped over the afflicted area and cooked over a fire with sesame oil. Because mahua contains saponins and flavonoids, animal tests show that it has strong anti-inflammatory properties. These substances are crucial for the healing and repair of wounds. Madhuca longifolia has also shown analgesic effect in experimental tests using alcoholic extracts, which can be utilized to relieve pain from burns and wounds

Tridax procumbens, also known as the “yellow daisy”

 Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae) was reported as a weed to invade in many crops, it has been long employed as a traditional drink to cure treat bronchial catarrh, diarrhea, dysentery

 Tridax procumbens Linn., a member of the Compositae family, is commonly known as ‘Ghamra’ and referred to as ‘coat buttons’ in English due to its flower's appearance. It has been widely utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for various ailments and is recommended as “Bhringraj,” a renowned remedy for liver disorders.

This plant, which possesses a variety of medicinal qualities, has been utilized for ages in the Ayurvedic system

There have been reports of antiseptic, parasiticidal, and insecticidal qualities in flowers and leaves

 This plant species exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-hepatotoxic, analgesic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antimicrobial activities

The adaptability of the species is likely attributed to its defensive mechanisms, which include secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, and saponins

 It has many pharmacological activities like antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, wound healing, antileishminicidal, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, hemostatic, hypotensive, anti-arthritic, defluoridation, etc. 

 It is rich in chemicals that have been isolated from this are flavonoids, terpenoids, lipids, polysaccharides, quercetin, isoquercetin, fumaric acid, centaureidin, luteolin, β-sitosterol and puerarine

 In India, traditionally it has been used as an anticoagulant, antimicrobial, insect repellent, and as a wound healing agent. It has been used for the treatment of bronchial catarrh, malaria, stomachache, diarrhea, epilepsy, diabetes, high blood pressure, hemorrhage, and liver problems, and as a hair tonic. A decoction of the leaves of this plant is used as an ethnomedicine to treat infectious skin diseases. It is broadly used in wound healing to stop hemorrhage from cuts, bruises, and wounds.

 There have been reports of antiseptic, parasiticidal, and insecticidal qualities in flowers and leaves

1) People from Uttarakhand have used medicinal plants for thousands of years. T. procumbens leaf juice has been used to stop bleeding in cuts and wounds

Additionally, leprosy, eczema, boils, cuts, wounds, sores, stomachaches, toothaches, ulcers, and eye diseases are treated with this herb

Tridax procumbens, also known as the “yellow daisy”, is a traditional Ayurvedic herb native to Asia, belonging to the Asteraceae family. 

It has been used in natural remedies for various medicinal purposes . 

The plant has a wide range of bioactivities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects 

The phytochemical composition of T. procumbens has been extensively studied, revealing the presence of various compounds such as tannins, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, phytosterols, essential oils, etc. 

These compounds have been found in different extracts of the plant, such as ethanol extracts, water extracts, and leaf extracts. 

The leaves of this plant have been considered a potential source of nutraceuticals and functional food due to their high content of bioactive compounds. Its traditional usage includes antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities 

Phytochemical components like tannin (by titration), total saponins (by gravimetry), total polyphenols, and total flavonoids (by UV-visible spectrophotometer), were determined for their respective contents

 Significant therapeutic benefits against malaria, dysentery, diarrhea, bronchial catarrh, blood pressure, hair loss, stomach discomfort, headache, and hair loss have been discovered

Additionally, it is beneficial to stop bleeding from cuts and bruises and cure wounds. There have been reports of antiseptic, insecticidal, and parasiticidal qualities in flowers and leaves

Several pharmacological activities have been associated with it, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-diabetic, hypotensive, immunomodulating, prevention of hair loss, promotion of hair growth, and anti-microbial against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Leaf juice has antiseptic, insecticidal, and parasiticidal qualities

It is used as a treatment for , insect repellent and used to stop bleeding from cuts, bruises, and wounds.

Marigold flowers (Calendula officinalis)

 

The researchers ground pot marigold flowers (Calendula officinalis) into a fine powder and isolated proteins in four sequential liquid extractions, collecting different protein molecules into each mixture. Their lab tests showed that: 

• Some protein extracts contained high levels of glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which could add umami taste to foods.
• Marigold proteins stayed stable up to 221 degrees Fahrenheit (105 degrees Celsius), which is hotter than temperatures tolerated by other plant proteins like pea and chickpea, suggesting the flower’s proteins would keep their structure better in heated foods.
• Two protein extracts had excellent emulsifying capacity, or the ability to keep oil droplets distributed in water, suggesting their suitability for salad dressings, mayonnaise and dairy substitutes.

Tunga Mustalu (Cyperus scariousus /rotundus )

 Cyperus rotundus L., (family Cyperaceae), also known as purple nutsedge or nutgrass, is a common perennial plant. This is an erect, glabrous, grass-like herb with fibrous roots that typically grows from 7-40 cm tall and reproduces extensively by rhizomes and tubers. The rhizomes are initially white and fleshy with scaly leaves and then become fibrous, wiry, and very dark brown with age

C. rotundus have the Properties of analgesic, alternative, astringent, antispasmodic, antibacterial, carminative, contraceptive, demulcent, emmenagogue, emollient, febrifuge, immunostimulant, laxative, stimulative, tonic, vermifuge. It is a multipurpose plant, widely used in traditional medicine around the world to treat various disease

Its extracts and compounds isolated from purple nutsedge have medicinal properties such as the reduction of fever, inflammation, and pain. The literature contains numerous references to the use of this plant’s roots for essential oils and its seeds for food products. Tuber extracts may reduce nausea and act as a muscle relaxant

A number of pharmacological and biological activities including anti-Candida, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, cytoprotective, antimutagenic, antibacterial, and antioxidant, activities have been reported for this plant

The phytochemical investigation of C rotundus has revealed the presence of flavanol, glycoside, saponin, phenol, terpenoids cardiac glycosides  

Chemical constituents : 

cineol(+) copadiene 

copaene

cyperol 

cyperolone 

epoxyguaiene

isocyperol 

isokobusone 

kodusone

mustakone 

patchilene

(+) rotunmdone 

a-  b- selinine 

sugenol 

b-sito sterol etc.  

Agarwood

 

Agarwood, eaglewood, oud, aloeswood, and gaharu are some of the names of the highly valuable fragrant heartwood used for non-timber purposes and produced by the Aquilaria species, which belongs to the Thymelaeaceae family.

Ex: Aquilaria sinensis, A. malaccensis, A. filaria, and Gyrinops versteegii

Agarwood is formed when Aquilaria trees are wounded and exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses.

The infection triggers the trees’ defense mechanism, causing resin to be produced, which aids the trees in suppressing the growth of the microbes infecting the trees in a process known as tylosis 

From the infection, the tree undergoes a biochemical reaction that produces oleoresin, which causes the color of the wood to eventually change from a lighter to a darker color, becoming what is commonly referred to as agarwood

Wild-type agarwood takes years to produce, and few traders are willing to wait so long. Furthermore, only a small number of Aquilaria are infected in the wild and produce agarwood, and the only way to be certain that the tree contains the desired resin is to cut down the trees

Biological inoculation is also another alternative method to agarwood formation and has been proven by many researchers to help induce agarwood formation. It is necessary for the tree to first be wounded before it can be infected by microbes to induce agarwood formation. However, not all fungi can promote agarwood production; some of the species identified in agarwood-producing trees are Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Penicillium, and Aspergillus, amongst others

Inoculation of endophytic fungi on Aquilaria trees has also been proven to produce resin in as fast as 6 months

Agarwood and its products, either as oil, smoke, or powder admixtures, are well known for their bioactivity in controlling various fungal pathogens and their unique medicinal properties globally

Several chemical compounds have been reported to be identified from agarwood such as chromone derivates, terpenoids, flavonoids, benzophenones, lignans, benzenoid derivates, phenolic compounds, triterpenes, steroids, and other chemical compounds

Chromones  act as potential and remarkable pharmacological compounds containing various bioactivities such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, antifeedant, antidepressant, antiobesity, and antihypersensitive properties, including antagonistic activity in melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 

India’s North-Eastern Region (NER) in India  is characterised by rich ecological diversity, undulating landscapes, and abundant biodiversity. The region serves as an important hub for high-value plantation and agroforestry crops, among which Agarwood holds particular economic and cultural significance as a premium aromatic resource. As of January 2026, India hosts nearly 150 million agarwood trees, with about 90 percent located in the North-Eastern states, where cultivation is integrated into plantation and agroforestry programmes. 

Agarwood, also known internationally as oud or agar, is a highly valued resinous wood widely used in traditional medicine, religious practices, and luxury perfumery. 

The plant is primarily harvested for agarwood chips, powder (churan), and essential oil, while other value-added products include agarwood beads and, occasionally, carved artefacts.

 In addition, the leaves are used to prepare agarwood tea. 

North-Eastern states in India have been encouraged to develop area-expansion plans supported by geospatial mapping initiatives, particularly in Tripura and Assam.

 Export promotion measures have also been strengthened through enhanced annual export quotas under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), with limits set at 151,080 kg for agarwood chips and 7,050 kg for agarwood oil. 

Due to its importance in culture, religion, and value, agarwood is highly sought after, and the trees are often overexploited and traded illegally, which has placed it on the list of endangered species in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) in 1995

Tamarind seeds and its uses

 

Tamarind is high in many nutrients. A single cup (120 grams) of the pulp contains :

• Magnesium: 26% of the daily value (DV)
• Potassium: 16% of the DV
• Iron: 19% of the DV
• Calcium: 7% of the DV
• Phosphorus: 11% of the DV
• Copper: 11% of the DV
• Vitamin B1 (thiamin): 43% of the DV
• Vitamin B2 (riboflavin): 14% of the DV
• Vitamin B3 (niacin): 15% of the DV

It has trace amounts of:

• vitamin C
• vitamin K
• vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
• folate
• vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
• selenium

It also contains 6 grams of fiber, 3 grams of protein, and less than 1 gram of fat. This comes with a total of 287 calories.

Tamarind grows well in dry and water-stressed regions and is drought-resistant. Being part of the Fabaceae family, it has the ability to grow in poorly developed soils through nitrogen fixation. The plant can also grow well in coastal areas because of its ability to endure sea-salt aerosols.

Tamarind seeds are a part of many popular recipes, especially in southern India. In Karnataka, where the fruit is called hunase, the roasted kernels are soaked in buttermilk and salt for a day to soften them, so that they can be easily consumed as a snack.

Tamarind seeds support digestion, promote joint health, and boost immunity. Available in whole or processed form, they add unique flavor and nutritional value to both food and health products.

Tamarind seeds are a rich source of protein and amino acids.

The flour is rich in minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron and potassium.

The Tamarind seed kernel flour prepared by roasting the seeds at 150°C for 15 minutes, and estimate that as much as 62.13 per cent is carbohydrate, 19.46 per cent of the kernel is protein and 2.32 per cent is fibre. 

A protein found in the seeds, called tamarind chitinase-like lectin, has antiviral properties and can potentially be used to develop a drug against chikungunya.

An extract of tamarind seeds and turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome could reduce knee pain and improve the musculoskeletal function in patients. This combination also helps reduce inflammation and inflammation-induced cartilage degeneration, as per  the study.

Polysaccharides in the seeds work as coagulants to remove the waste from the water.

Flax Seeds or Lin Seeds

 

Flaxseed is the richest source of phytoestrogens (lignans)

Flaxseed, due to the content of soluble fiber, may have a beneficial effect on gut microbiota.

Flaxseed oil also plays a role in constipation prevention.

Daily consumption of flaxseed contributes to increasing fecal fat excretion. It may play an important role in the prevention of being overweight and of obesity

Flaxseeds contain a good amount of phenolic compounds. These phenolic compounds are well known for anticancer and anti-oxidative properties. 

Basically, flaxseeds have three different types of phenolic compounds–phenolic acids, flavonoids and lignans. 

Major phenolic acids present in defatted flaxseed are ferulic acid (10.9 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (7.5 mg/g), gallic acid (2.8 mg/g). Other phenolic acids include p-coumaric acid glucosides, hydroxycinnamic acid glucosides and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid that are present in low quantities

It serves as a good source of minerals especially, phosphorous (650 mg/100 g), magnesium (350–431 mg/100 g), calcium (236–250 mg/100 g) and has very low amount of sodium (27 mg/100 g) . 

It contains highest amount of potassium 5600–9200 mg/kg among various foods and high potassium intake is inversely related to blood platelet aggregation, free radicals in blood and stroke incidence

Alpha-linolenic acid is the main functional component of flaxseed. It serves as an exclusive source of omega-3 fatty acid in the vegetarian diets 

Lignans are phytoestrogens, which are abundantly available in fiber rich plants, cereals (wheat, barley, and oats), legumes (bean, lentil, soybean), vegetables (broccoli, garlic, asparagus, carrots) fruits, berries, tea and alcoholic beverages. Flaxseed contains about 75–800 times more lignans than cereal grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables

Asparagus racemosus (Satavari )

 

Asparagus racemosus  belongs to the family Asparagaceae, commonly known as Satavari. 

This Asparagus genus has around 300 species cultivated in the world, mainly grow in shade and tropical climates at low altitudes throughout the India, Asia, Australia and Africa.

It is an indigenous monocot medicinal plant of India. 

Asparagus racemosus root extracts (AR) have possess a variety of pharmacological and therapeutic properties like Antioxidant, galactagogue, antiulcer, rejuvenative, phytoestrogenic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, carminative, stomachic, energetic, antiseptic, adaptogenic, anxiolytic, antidepressive, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, cardioprotective chemopreventive, cerebroprotective, anti-HIV, antilithiatic. antioxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic effects of the phytochemical constituents in them. 

Steroidal saponins shatavarins the major bioactive components in A. racemosus, are receiving attention because of their role as immunomodulant, galactogauge, adaptogen, antitussive, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and antidiarrheal, ultimately improve the quality of life.

 Ayurveda recommended it is for prevention and treatment of :-

 1)gastric ulcers, 

2)dyspepsia and 

3)as a galactagogue

The root extract of A.racemosus is prescribed in Ayurveda to increases milk secretion during laction

The powdered dried root of A. racemosus is used in Ayurveda for dysepesia. Oral administration of powdered dried root of A. racemosus has been found to promote gastric emptying in healthy volunteers.  

Annatto seeds or Sindhoori Seeds or Lipstick seeds (Bixa Orellana seeds)

 

Annatto seeds or Sindhoori Seeds  or Lipstick seeds:- 

 Its colour is  are used as red ink, Coating medicines, Drugs, Dyeing, Food colouring, Hair oils, Polishes, Poultry feed

 • The annatto dye is non-toxic and is mainly used for colouring edible materials like butter, ghee, other milk products, margarine, cheese, vanaspati, chocolates, cosmetics etc. 

• It neither affects the colour nor the aroma of these products. 

 The dye is also used in colouring citrus juice, concentrates, drinks etc. 

• Annatto dye is also used in floor polishes, shoe polish, hair oils etc.

Annatto oil is Vitamin-E enriched 

Annatto is a natural carotenoid obtained from Bixa orellana shrub. 

The seeds are gaining economic importance in recent years as a highly desirable colourant. 

The ripe fruits of annatto on drying yield annatto seed which serves as the raw material for the production of annatto colour. 

Tailor-made formulations based on water-soluble carbonate systems were found suitable for use in hard-boiled candies, vermicelli, gold fingers, and fast foods such as biriyani and vegetable manchurian. 

Similarly, PG-based (propylene glycol-based  ) tailor-made formulations were found suitable for traditional sweetmeats such as boondi laddu and motichoor laddu, as well as dairy and bakery products including butter, cheese, biscuit cream, bakery cream, and icing cream. The sugar-powder formulation was found convenient for application in hard-boiled candies, jalebi, jangri, and boondi laddu.

SWEET FLAG / VACHA (ACORUS CALAMUS)

 

Vacha is an ancient herb having various health benefits. 

The name “Vacha” in Sanskrit means speaking clearly because this herb stimulates intelligence and expression.

With a strong aroma, this herb has rhizomes which resemble very closely to ginger. 

In Ayurveda, Vacha is known as a rejuvenating herb because of its effect on the nervous system. It is bitter in taste and is used in the dried form.

According to Ayurveda, taking Vacha along with honey on a daily basis helps manage speech disorders due to its Vata balancing and Medhya properties. 

It’s consumption also helps in the management of cough by promoting the removal of sputum from the air passages due to its expectorant activity. 

Vacha also helps improve memory by fighting against cell damage caused by free radicals due to its antioxidant property. 

This improves behavioral changes, memory and mental performance as well. It also helps remove kidney stones by increasing the production of urine due to its diuretic activity. .

A paste of Vacha powder and water can be applied to the skin to help give you a glowing skin and control various skin infections due to its Tikhta (bitter) and Tikshna (sharpness) properties. 

Vacha essential oil might be considered useful in reducing pain and inflammation when applied externally due to its anti-inflammatory property. 

Topical application of Vacha powder with Triphala powder reduces fat on the belly and thigh

Anacyclus Pyrethrum Akkarakarra

 

Anacyclus pyrethrum (Akarkara), a vulnerable herb commercially producing pyrethrum drug extracted from the roots of the plant is an important Ayurvedic medicine.

The roots mainly contain an ester pyrethrine and N-alkylamides (pellitorine) that enhances its medicinal value. 

The plant is used as sex stimulant, antidiabetic, antioxidant, treating asthama.

The plant is a natural pesticide and also shows antimicrobial properties

In traditional medicine, the roots of A. pyrethrum (L) are recommended for treating toothache, salivary secretion, angina, digestive problems, lethargy, female infertility, and even paralysis of the tongue and limbs.

 They are used in the form of cream-based animal fats to treat gout and sciatica and keep illness away

The extraordinary properties of Akarkara are listed as under: 

Aphrodisiac: The extracts of plant roots increase libido or sexual urges and delays ejaculation. 

Analgesic: It reduces or ends pain by causing numbness. 

Anti-rheumatic & Anti-arthritic: It gives relief in rheumatic arthritis by increasing circulation. 

Anti-Bacterial & Anti-viral: Akarkara has also shown antibacterial and anti-viral properties and thus it keeps you safe from a large number of air-borne & water-borne infectious diseases caused by bacteria and virus.

Antibiotic: It also inhibits microbial or biotic growth in the body. 

Anti-catarrhal: Akarkara root also exhibits anticatarrhal properties, i.e. it expels old catarrh. 

Carminative: It expels gases from intestines. 

Digestion: Akarkara roots aid in digestion by stimulating secretion of saliva and other digestive juices as it goes down the digestive system.

 Diuretic: The diuretic property of Akarkara root increases frequency and quantity of urination, thereby helping detoxify the body. 

Emmenagogue: It gives relief from irregular, delayed and obstructed menstruation

Febrifuge: The alkaloids present in Akarkara makes it a good febrifuge by virtue of its anti-microbial antiviral and anti-bacterial properties. 

Nervine: Akarkara is famous for treating nervous or neurotic disorders. 

Vermifuge: The anti-biotic and anti-microbial properties of the alkaloids present in Akarkara roots makes it a good vermifuge too and help in destroying the worms in our intestine. 

Sialagogue: It increases production & secretion of saliva. This can aid in digesting food & give relief from dry mouth and is frequently used for toothache